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Can you locate all 23 provinces of Argentina, and its capital city?
Can you locate all 12 provinces of the Netherlands?
Can you locate all 16 voivodeships of Poland?
Can you place all 101 departments of France?
Canada is the second largest country on earth and it is divided into thirteen pieces, which is fewer than most countries a tenth of its size. That is what makes the set worth learning: thirteen names cover nine and a half million square kilometres, and almost everything you can read off a Canadian roadside, the language on the signs, the shield on the route marker, the slogan on the plate, points at one of them. This page is the whole set, and the game asks you to put each name where it belongs.
Ten of the thirteen are provinces and three are territories, and the difference is constitutional rather than geographic. A province holds its powers in its own right: section 92 of the Constitution Act hands it education, health, natural resources, property and civil rights, and Ottawa cannot take them back without amending the constitution. A territory holds the powers Parliament has delegated to it, under an ordinary federal act that Parliament could in principle rewrite. In practice the three territories run themselves much as a province does, with an elected legislature and a premier, and the gap has narrowed with every devolution agreement since the 1980s. It still shows in the money, since territorial budgets come overwhelmingly from federal transfers, and in the land, since most of it remains under federal or Indigenous title rather than territorial.
The country was assembled over eighty-two years and the order it arrived in is still visible. Four joined at Confederation in 1867, the west and the island provinces followed over the next decade, the two prairie provinces were cut out of the North-West Territories in 1905, and Newfoundland held out as a separate British dominion until 1949. The last change was recent enough that a lot of printed maps are wrong: Nunavut was separated from the Northwest Territories on 1 April 1999, taking the eastern two thirds with it.
Population is where the map misleads worst. Ontario and Quebec between them hold about three fifths of Canadians, almost all of it in a strip along the American border, while the three territories together hold fewer people than a mid-sized town. Nearly everything you will ever be dropped into sits in the bottom few degrees of a map that runs to the pole.
ARRÊT with
no English under it, is Quebec, which legislates French as its only official
language. Road signage in both languages as a matter of course is New
Brunswick, the one officially bilingual province. Inuktitut syllabics
alongside English put you in Nunavut. Everywhere else works in English, with
bilingual signs only where the federal government is paying for them, which
is why a national park or a border post is no evidence at all.Yours to Discover, Je me souviens, Wild Rose Country, Land of Living Skies,
Friendly Manitoba, Beautiful British Columbia, Canada's Ocean Playground. Two of them do not need reading at all, because the Northwest
Territories and Nunavut both issue a plate cut into the shape of a polar
bear, which is recognisable at any distance and narrows you to two.The failure modes are mostly a matter of scale. Ontario is not southern Ontario: the province reaches west past the top of Minnesota, and its northwestern corner is shield and lakes that look exactly like Manitoba, which is the single most common wrong answer on this map. The prairie provinces are not distinguishable by landscape alone anywhere near their shared borders, so if all you have is a wheat field, you need the plate or the shield. French does not stop at the Quebec line: eastern Ontario, northern New Brunswick and pockets of Manitoba have long-standing francophone communities, so a French church or a French place name is a hint and not a verdict, while French on the official signage is a verdict. And Labrador is not Quebec, though it looks like the north shore next to it and is reached by road through it.
Those five are the regions Canada is habitually divided into, and they are the groups the map in the game is coloured by, so the bands are visible while you play. Each can also be played on its own from the start dialog. The Prairies and Atlantic Canada are the two worth drilling first, because between them they hold seven of the thirteen answers and they are the two groups whose members are hardest to tell apart from inside.
The only jurisdiction in North America that runs its public signage in French
alone, which makes it the easiest answer on this map and worth checking for
before anything else. Look for ARRÊT on the stop sign, Arrêt interdit and
Cédez on the regulatory signs, and speed posted as maximum. The second
giveaway is the land itself along the St. Lawrence, cut into long narrow strips
running back from the river, which is the seigneurial rang system still
written on the fields three centuries later.
Roughly two in five Canadians live here, and the coverage follows them, so this is the odds-on answer for anywhere that looks suburban, industrial or simply busy. It is also the province people place too far east: the northwest reaches to the Manitoba border and looks nothing like the farmland and lakes of the south. The crown above the number on a King's Highway shield is the giveaway, and it is on more roads here than any other provincial marker is anywhere.
The most nearly rectangular jurisdiction in the country and the flattest ground in it, which is exactly the problem: a grain field with a grid road through it is this province, Alberta or Manitoba, and nothing in the field will say which. Two things tip it. Alberta shows mountains on the western horizon from a surprising distance out, and Manitoba turns to lakes and shield within a couple of hours of Winnipeg. A wheat field with a clean horizon in every direction is this one, and the survey grid here is the tightest and most regular of the three.
A fifth of Canada by area, about forty thousand people, and not one kilometre of road connecting it to the rest of the country or its communities to each other. So it turns up as isolated coverage inside a settlement and essentially nowhere else: gravel streets, buildings on piles above the permafrost, no trees, and Inuktitut syllabics on the signs. Those syllabics are the fastest separation from the other two territories, both of which sign in the Latin alphabet.
Ten provinces and three territories, thirteen in total. The count has been the same since 1 April 1999, when Nunavut was separated from the Northwest Territories, and before that it was ten and two from 1949, when Newfoundland joined as the tenth province.
Where the powers come from. A province holds its authority directly under the Constitution Act, and Ottawa cannot remove it without a constitutional amendment. A territory holds authority delegated by Parliament under an ordinary federal statute. In daily practice the three territories are governed much like provinces, with elected legislatures and premiers, but their budgets are overwhelmingly federal transfers and most of the land in them is not territorial.
Quebec, at about 1.54 million square kilometres, which is roughly three times the size of France. Nunavut is larger still at about 2.09 million, so it is the largest subdivision in the country, but it is a territory rather than a province. The smallest by a wide margin is Prince Edward Island, at around 5,700 square kilometres.
Quebec is the only province with French as its sole official language, and it is where the large majority of Canadian francophones live. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, with a French-speaking Acadian population of about a third. Everywhere else is English-speaking at the provincial level, though francophone communities exist across the country, notably in eastern and northern Ontario and in Manitoba.
Signage language first, because French-only signs mean Quebec and routinely bilingual signs mean New Brunswick. Then the licence plate, which carries the name and usually a slogan, and which in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut is cut into the shape of a polar bear. Then the provincial route marker, since each province designs its own shield. Landscape comes last, because the prairie provinces and the Canadian Shield look the same across enormous distances.
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, which share a landscape as well as a pair of borders, and Manitoba against northwestern Ontario, which are the same shield and lake country on either side of a line. In the east the pairing is New Brunswick against Nova Scotia. The territories are easier than they look, because Nunavut signs in Inuktitut syllabics and the other two do not.
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick founded the country in 1867. Manitoba and the North-West Territories followed in 1870, British Columbia in 1871 and Prince Edward Island in 1873. Yukon was separated in 1898, Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, Newfoundland joined in 1949 after governing itself as a separate dominion, and Nunavut was created in 1999.
Newfoundland Standard Time is three and a half hours behind Greenwich, a half-hour offset it kept from before it joined Canada, when it set its clocks by the sun over St. John's rather than by a zone drawn from the mainland. Labrador, on the mainland, mostly uses Atlantic time instead, so the province spans two zones half an hour apart.
The other Canadian map is built on the same thirteen: Canada Dialing Codes, which asks for the area code instead of the name and merges the Maritimes and the territories where they share one. Across the border, US Dialing Codes and US License Plates cover the other half of the continent. More administrative maps in the same shape: Argentina Provinces, Germany States and South Africa Provinces.